Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 16 de 16
Filter
1.
Cad. saúde pública ; 27(supl.1): s7-s18, 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-582627

ABSTRACT

The paper reviews the serological methods employed in the estimation of HIV incidence based on cross-sectional studies, as well as the main findings from studies carried out in Brazil that have used such methods. Each method is briefly described, as well as their advantages and limitations. The different methods are also analyzed as a set of complementary but sometimes contradictory strategies under permanent criticism and review, still far from a gold standard. Finally, an additional question percent central to the accurate monitoring of the AIDS epidemic using such methods percent is discussed: whether the different methods should or should not be adjusted. The debate is open and controversy should be viewed as an unavoidable consequence of a very dynamic research field, informed by the progress in sciences as diverse as epidemiology, biostatistics, mathematical modeling and different branches of basic science, such as immunology, virology, and molecular biology.


O artigo revisa os métodos sorológicos utilizados na estimação da incidência da infecção pelo HIV baseada em estudos seccionais, assim como os principais achados de estudos conduzidos no Brasil que utilizaram estes métodos. Cada um dos métodos foi descrito sucintamente, assim como suas vantagens e limitações. Os diferentes métodos foram ainda analisados enquanto um conjunto de estratégias complementares, por vezes, contraditórias, sob permanente crítica e revisão, ainda longe de um padrão-ouro. Finalmente, uma questão adicional por cento essencial a um monitoramento acurado da epidemia por meio desses métodos por cento é discutida: devem tais métodos ser ajustados ou não? O debate segue em aberto e deve ser visto como um desdobramento inevitável de um campo de pesquisa particularmente dinâmico, informado pelos avanços de ciências as mais diversas, como a epidemiologia, a estatística e a modelagem matemática, além das várias áreas da ciência básica, como imunologia, virologia e biologia molecular.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections , HIV Infections , Brazil , Incidence , Immunoassay/methods , Serologic Tests/methods
2.
Rev. saúde pública ; 44(5): 803-811, oct. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-558934

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of HIV rapid testing for pregnant women at maternity hospital admission and of subsequent interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. METHODS: Study based on a convenience sample of women unaware of their HIV serostatus when they were admitted to delivery in public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, Brazil, between March 2000 and April 2002. Women were counseled and tested using the Determine HIV1/2 Rapid Test. HIV infection was confirmed using the Brazilian algorithm for HIV infection diagnosis. In utero transmission of HIV was determined using HIV-DNA-PCR. There were performed descriptive analyses of sociodemographic data, number of previous pregnancies and abortions, number of prenatal care visits, timing of HIV testing, HIV rapid test result, neonatal and mother-to-child transmission interventions, by city studied. RESULTS: HIV prevalence in women was 6.5 percent (N=1,439) in Porto Alegre and 1.3 percent (N=3.778) in Rio de Janeiro. In Porto Alegre most of women were tested during labor (88.7 percent), while in Rio de Janeiro most were tested in the postpartum (67.5 percent). One hundred and forty-four infants were born to 143 HIV-infected women. All newborns but one in each city received at least prophylaxis with oral zidovudine. It was possible to completely avoid newborn exposure to breast milk in 96.8 percent and 51.1 percent of the cases in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Injectable intravenous zidovudine was administered during labor to 68.8 percent and 27.7 percent newborns in Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Among those from whom blood samples were collected within 48 hours of birth, in utero transmission of HIV was confirmed in 4 cases in Rio de Janeiro (4/47) and 6 cases in Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy proved feasible in maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. Efforts must be taken to maximize HIV testing during labor. There is a need of strong social support to provide this population access to health care services after hospital discharge.


OBJETIVO: Analisar a viabilidade da testagem rápida para o HIV entre gestantes na admissão à maternidade e de intervenções para reduzir a transmissão perinatal do HIV. MÉTODOS: Amostra de conveniência de mulheres que desconheciam sua situação sorológica para o HIV quando admitidas para o parto em maternidades públicas do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, e de Porto Alegre, RS, entre março de 2000 e abril de 2002. As mulheres foram aconselhadas e testadas com teste rápido Determine HIV1/2 na maternidade. Infecção pelo HIV foi confirmada pelo algoritmo brasileiro para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV. A transmissão intra-útero foi determinada pelo PCR-DNA-HIV. Foram realizadas análises descritivas dos dados sociodemográficos, número de gestações e de abortos prévios, número de visitas de pré-natal, momento da testagem para o HIV, resultado do teste rápido para o HIV, intervenções recebidas pelos recém-natos e de transmissão vertical do HIV, de acordo com cada cidade. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de HIV entre as mulheres foi 6,5 por cento (N=1.439) em Porto Alegre e 1,3 por cento (N=3.778) no Rio de Janeiro. A maioria foi testada durante o trabalho de parto em Porto Alegre e no pós-parto, no Rio de Janeiro. Cento e quarenta e quatro crianças nasceram de 143 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV. Todos os recém-natos receberam ao menos a profilaxia com zidovudina oral, exceto um em cada cidade. Foi possível evitar qualquer exposição ao leite materno em 96,8 por cento e 51,1 por cento dos recém-natos em Porto Alegre e no Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. A zidovudina injetável foi administrada durante o trabalho de parto para 68,8 por cento dos recém-natos em Porto Alegre e 27,7 por cento no Rio de Janeiro. Entre aqueles com amostras de sangue coletadas até 48 horas do nascimento, a transmissão intra-útero foi confirmada em quatro casos no Rio de Janeiro (4/47) e em seis casos em Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSÕES: A estratégia mostrou-se factível nas maternidades do Rio de Janeiro e de Porto Alegre. Esforços devem ser empreendidos para maximizar a testagem durante o trabalho de parto. Forte suporte social precisa ser acoplado a essa estratégia para garantir o acesso dessa população ao sistema de saúde após a alta da maternidade.


OBJETIVO: Analizar la viabilidad de evaluación rápida del HIV entre gestantes en la admisión en la maternidad y de intervenciones para reducir la transmisión perinatal del HIV. MÉTODOS: Muestra de conveniencia de mujeres que desconocían su situación serológica para el HIV al ser admitidas para el parto en maternidades públicas de Rio de Janeiro (Sureste) y de Porto alegre (Sur de Brasil), entre marzo de 2000 y abril de 2002. Las mujeres fueron aconsejadas y evaluadas con prueba rápida Determine HIV1/2 en la maternidad. Infección por el HIV fue confirmada por el algoritmo brasilero para el diagnóstico de la infección por el HIV. La transmisión intra- útero fue determinada por el PCR-DNA-HIV. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos de los datos sociodemográficos, número de gestaciones y de abortos previos, número de visitas de prenatal, momento de la evaluación para el HIV, resultado de la prueba rápida para el HIV, intervenciones recibidas por los recién nacidos y de transmisión vertical del HIV, de acuerdo con cada ciudad. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de HIV entre las mujeres fue de 6,5 por ciento (N=1.439) en Porto Alegre y 1,3 por ciento (N=3,778) en Rio de Janeiro. La mayoría fue evaluada durante el trabajo de parto en Porto Alegre y en el postparto, en Rio de Janeiro. Ciento y cuarenta y cuatro niños nacieron de 143 mujeres infectadas por el HIV. Todos los recién nacidos recibieron al menos la profilaxia con zidovudina oral, excepto uno en cada ciudad. Fue posible evitar cualquier exposición a la leche materna en 96,8 por ciento y 51,1 por ciento de los recién nacidos en Porto Alegre y en Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. La zidovudina inyectable fue administrada durante el trabajo de parto a 68,8 por ciento de los recién nacidos en Porto Alegre y 27,7 por ciento en Rio de Janeiro. Entre aquellos con muestras de sangre colectadas hasta 48 horas de nacimiento, la transmisión intra-útero fue confirmada en cuatro casos en Rio de Janeiro (4/47) y en seis casos en Porto Alegre (6/79). CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia se mostró factible en las maternidades de Rio de Janeiro y de Porto Alegre. Esfuerzos deben ser emprendidos para maximizar la evaluación durante el trabajo de parto. Fuerte soporte social precisa ser acoplado a esa estrategia para garantizar el acceso de dicha población al sistema de salud posterior a ser dado de alta de la maternidad.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Young Adult , AIDS Serodiagnosis , HIV Infections , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Anti-HIV Agents , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feasibility Studies , HIV Infections , HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , Zidovudine
3.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 13(5): 362-366, Oct. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-544991

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the effectiveness of two HAART regimens concomitant to rifampicin based tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Patients with TB/HIV diagnosis followed at the TB program between June 2000 and March 2005 were prospectively evaluated. The different HAART regimens in antiretrovirals (ARV) treatment naïve and ARV experienced patients were compared. The effectiveness of HAART was defined as a VL <80 copies/mL from month 4 to month 10 after TB treatment. One hundred and forty-two patients were included. Among these, 68 (47 percent) were treatment naïve and 76 (53 percent) previously exposed. Odds ratio (OR) in naïve patients treated with efavirenz (EFV) based regimen (n=42) compared to ritonavir/saquinavir (RTV/SQV) based regimen (n=26) was 8.0 (CI=1.67-38.35, p=0.008). OR from ARV experienced patients treated with RTV/SQV based regimen compared to EFV was 3.08 (CI=0.65-14.6, p=0.15), although with no statistical significance. Better effectiveness and tolerability were observed in antiretrovirals treatment naïve patients using EFV based regimens. Although not statistically significant, a favorable virologic response and a better tolerability were observed in the ARV experienced patients group who received a RTV/SQV based regimen.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Rifampin/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/complications , Treatment Outcome , Tuberculosis/complications , Viral Load , Young Adult
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(1): 25-32, jan. 2007. graf, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-439271

ABSTRACT

To estimate HIV-1 seroprevalence in the general population of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 3,437 residents from 1998 to 2000. Subjects were drawn from 30 sentinel areas representing a wide range of living conditions. Plasma samples were screened for HIV-1 antibodies by ELISA and confirmed by immunofluorescent assay. Subtype determination by HMA was performed after proviral DNA amplification. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony was performed with the neighbor-joining method. Overall HIV-1 seroprevalence was 0.55 percent (19/3,446): 0.8 percent for men and 0.36 percent for women. Seroprevalence was higher in the 31-45-year age group (1 percent) and among persons with family income less than twice the minimum wage (0.78 percent) as compared to 0.33 percent for the higher income group. Syphilis was detected in 37 percent of HIV seropositive individuals. Phylogenetic inferences identified 10 samples as subtype B in the env region and 2 samples with Benv/Fgag/Fpol and Fenv/Bgag. Age > 30 years, male gender, and income < 2 times the minimum wage were identified as risk factors for HIV-1 infection. Extrapolating the proportion of seropositive individuals to Salvador, the number of HIV-1 infected individuals was estimated at 13,750.


A seroprevalência do HIV-1 na população geral de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, foi estimada em estudo de corte transversal com 3.437 indivíduos entre 1998-2000, residentes de 30 áreas sentinelas com ampla va-riedade de condições de vida. Realizou-se uma triagem para anticorpos anti-HIV-1 por ELISA e confirmados por imunofluorescência. A determinação do subtipo foi realizada por HMA, após amplificação do DNA proviral. As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas com PAUP utilizando os algoritmos neighbor-joining. A seroprevalência do HIV-1 foi de 0,55 por cento (19/3.446): 0,8 por cento para os homens e 0,36 por cento para as mulheres. A seroprevalência foi mais alta no grupo de 31-45 anos (1 por cento) e entre as pessoas com renda familiar inferior a dois salários mínimos (0,78 por cento). A sífilis foi diagnosticada em 37 por cento dos participantes HIV soropositivos. A análise filogenética identificou 10 amostras como subtipo B na região env, e duas amostras Benv/Fgag/Fpol e Fenv/Bgag. Idade > 30 anos, sexo masculino, renda < 2 salários mínimos se comportaram como fatores de riscos para a infecção por HIV-1. Se extrapolarmos a proporção de soropositivos para Salvador, o número de infectados pelo HIV seria 13.750.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , HIV Seroprevalence , HIV-1 , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Seroepidemiologic Studies
6.
Rio de Janeiro; FIOCRUZ; nov. 2003. 146 p.
Monography in English | LILACS | ID: lil-364457
7.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 98(4): 461-463, June 2003. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-344235

ABSTRACT

We analyzed, by env and gag heteroduplex mobility assay, 149 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) positive samples collected in Ceará during the year 2000. The prevalence of subtype B was 81.2 percent and the prevalence of subtype F and B/F recombinants were both 2.7 percent. Eight (5.4 percent) and 12 (8 percent) out of 149 samples showed indeterminate results in the env and gag analysis respectively. By FokI restriction fragment length polymorphism, 34 percent of the subtype B samples were identified as the typical Brazilian subtype B.In the present study, we identified HIV-1 subtype F and B/F in Ceará for the first time. Our results contribute to the understanding of HIV in Brazil, and may prove useful for the development of vaccine candidates


Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , DNA, Viral , Genes, env , Genes, gag , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Brazil , Genetic Variation , Heteroduplex Analysis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Prevalence
10.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 93(3): 391-8, May-Jun. 1998. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-209963

ABSTRACT

Efforts to characterize HIV-1 polymorphism and anti-HIV immune response are being made in areas where anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines are to be employed. Anti-HIV-1 humoral immune response is being studied in infected individuals resident in Rio de Janeiro, in distinct cohorts involving recent seroconvertors, pregnant women or intravenous drug users (IDU). Comparative analysis of specificity of antibody response towards epitopes important for anti-HIV-1 immune response indicate quantitative differences between cohorts, with an exceptionally strong response in IDUs and weakest response in pregnant women. However, a comparative analysis between pregnant women cohorts from Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul indicated an even lower response (with exception of the anti-V3-C clade peptide recognition) for the southern cohort. Studied analysing the immune function of the humoral response indicate a quite elevated occurrence of antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates from Rio de Janeiro. Attempts to correlate seroreactivity with HIV-1 neutralization with respect to HIV-1 polymorphism were not very successfull: while the Brazilian B clade B" variant could be recognized by binding assays, no significant distinction of HIV-1 clades/variants was observed in viral neutralization assays.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antibody Formation , Antibody Specificity/immunology , Genotype , HIV-1/immunology , Brazil , Cohort Studies , HIV Seropositivity/immunology
14.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 27(1): 39-42, jan.-mar. 1994. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-148911

ABSTRACT

A case of renal icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis involving a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reported. Despite the low levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the clinical course of leptospirosis was similar to that observed in non-immunodepressed patients, and no worsening of AIDS occurred due to the infection by the spirochete. Serologic conversion was observed in the microscopic agglutination test, with maximum titer of 1:3,200. The patient had positive urine cultures for Leptospira interrogans for two months, whereas blood cultures were negative


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Weil Disease/diagnosis , HIV-1 , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency/diagnosis , Weil Disease/microbiology , Weil Disease/pathology , Fatal Outcome , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Leptospira interrogans/isolation & purification , Renal Insufficiency/microbiology , Renal Insufficiency/pathology
15.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 87(2): 249-55, abr.-jun. 1992. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-116313

ABSTRACT

To determine the genomic polymorphism and biological properties present in HIV-1 Brazilian isolates, were analyzed five viral isolates obtained from patients residing in Rio de Janeiro (P1 and P5), Säo Paulo (P3) and Bahia (P2 and P4) states. For each viral isolate in vitro characteristics such as replication rate, syncytium-inducing capacity and cell death were observed in lymphoblastoid (H9, CEM and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) as well as monocytoid (U937) cells. In addition, the evaluation of the restriction fragment lenght polymorphism of these isolates was also performed using a panel of endonucleases such as Hind III, Bgl II, Sac I, Pst I, Kpn I and Eco RI. One of the isolates (P1), showed the highest phenotypic and genotypic divergence, when compared to others. The results found suggest a HIV heterogeneity in Brazil similar to that already described in other regions of the world


Subject(s)
Humans , Antigens, Viral , DNA Restriction Enzymes , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , HIV-1/pathogenicity , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
16.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 1983. 98 p. ilus, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559217

ABSTRACT

Os extratos solúveis de formas epimastigotas das cepas Y, São Felipe, Colombiana e CL do T.cruzi foram analisados contra os seus antissoros homólogos e heterólogos por imunoeletroforese bidimensional e imunoeletroforese bidimensional com gel intermediário. O perfil imunoeletroforético destes parasitas frente a seus antissoros homólogos revelou 39 arcos de precipitação para a cepa Y (35 anódicos e 4 catódicos), 36 para a cepa CL (todos anódicos), 33 para a cepa São Felipe (29 anódicos e 4 catôdicos) e 31 para a cepa Colombiana (28 anódicos e 3 catódicos). Nas reações heterólogas observou-se uma grande proporção de antígenos comuns entre as quatro cepas. Usando a imunoeletroforese bidimensional, com antissoro heterólogo no gel intermediário e homólogo no gel superior foram identificados 2 antígenos particulares à cepa Y, um para a cepa São Felipe, 1 ou 2 para a cepa Colombiana e 3,4 ou 5 para a cepa CL, dependendo da combinação de antissoro heterólogo-homólogo empregada. No entanto, diferenças antigênicas foram observadas somente em relação aos antígenos de migração anódica. Os antígenos particulares às cepas Y e CL foram ainda isolados por cromatografia de afinidade. O extrato solúvel da cepa Y, absorvido com anticorpos anti-Colombiana ou anti-São Felipe, reagiu com os soros anti-Y ou anti-CL por radioimunoeletroforese em foguete, indicando assim a existência de determinantes antigênicos compartilhados por estas duas cepas que não estão presentes nem em São Felipe nem em Colombiana. O extrato solúvel da cepa CL, absorvido com os anticorpos anti-São Felipe ou anti-Colombiana reagiu com os soros anti-Y e anti-CL. Entretanto, o extrato absorvido com o soro anti-Y reagiu...


Subject(s)
Animals , Antigens/immunology , Chagas Disease , Trypanosoma cruzi
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL